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Ku Twisisa Nkarhi wa Go Runtime: Muendli wa Xiyimiso

Mavonelo

12 min read Via internals-for-interns.com

Mewayz Team

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Hacker News

Xingheniso: Mufambisi la nga vonakiki wa Switirhisiwa swa wena swa Go

Loko u tsala nongonoko wa Go, u kongomisa eka logic, mintirho, na tichannel. U thayipa `go myFunction()` naswona khodi ya wena yi tirha hi ndlela yo pfumala swiphiqo. Kambe ehansi ka xivumbeko, mufambisi la nga vonakiki u le ku hleleni ka ntlangu, a tiyiseka leswaku swiendlo swa wena swa nkarhi wun’we swi famba kahle ni hi ndlela leyinene. Maestro loyi i xiyimiso xa nkarhi wo famba wa Go. Ku twisisa ndlela leyi yi tirhaka ha yona a hi ku titoloveta ka dyondzo ntsena; i swa nkoka swinene eka ku tsala software ya matirhelo ya le henhla, leyi nga ringanisiwaka. Eka tipulatifomo to fana na Mewayz, leti akiweke ku khoma maendlelo ya bindzu lama rharhanganeke, ya modula hi nkarhi wun’we, ku tirhisa matimba ya muendli wa xiyimiso i swa nkoka ku tisa sisiteme yo tirha leyi hlamulaka na ku tshembheka eka mabindzu.

I Yini Go Scheduler naswona Ha Yini Hi Yi Lava?

Go yi dume hi modele wa yona wo olova na matimba wa concurrency lowu sekeriweke eka ti goroutines. Goroutines i "green threads" yo vevuka leyi lawuriwaka hi Go runtime, hayi sisiteme yo tirha. Ku tumbuluxa magidi ya tona swa chipa hi tlhelo ra memory na overhead. Kambe, ti goroutines leti ekuheteleleni ti lava ku tirha eka ti physical OS threads, leti tikaka swinene naswona tinga ringaniseriwangiki hi nhlayo. Xiyimiso xa Go i leyara yo tlhariha leyi mepaka nhlayo leyi nga ha vaka leyikulu ya ti-goroutine eka xidziva lexitsongo xa tithread ta OS. Ntirho wa yona lowukulu i ku hangalasa ntirho, ku endla leswaku ku tirhisana hi nkarhi wun’we ku tirha kahle naswona ku tirha. Handle ka swona, a hi ta va hi khomiwile hi ku lawula tithreyidi ta OS hi ku kongoma, ntirho lowu rharhanganeke na ku tala ku endla swihoxo lowu nga ta kaneta swo tala swa vuyelo bya nkarhi wun’we bya Go.

Modlolo wa GMP: Vumaki bya Nkoka bya Muendli wa Xiyimiso

Xiyimiso xa Go xi tirha eka modele lowu talaka ku vuriwa GMP, lowu yimelaka Goroutines, OS Threads (Machines), na Processors. Trio leyi yi tirha hi ku tirhisana ku tirhisa khodi ya wena.

  • G (Goroutine): Leyi i yuniti ya xisekelo ya ku dlayiwa hi nkarhi wun’we. Yi na xithaki, nkomiso wa swiletelo, na vuxokoxoko byin’wana lebyi lavekaka ku fambisa ntirho.
  • M (Muchini): M yi yimela thread ya OS. I xiyenge xa xiviri lexi kumaka xiyimiso hi sisiteme yo tirha ku tirha eka CPU core.
  • P (Processor): P i phurosesa leyi twisisekaka kumbe mongo wa ku hlela. Yi yimela switirhisiwa leswi lavekaka ku tirhisa khodi ya Go. P yin’wana na yin’wana yina layini yo tsutsuma ya laha kaya ya ti goroutines (Gs) leti lulameleke ku tsutsuma. Nhlayo ya ti Ps hi ntolovelo yi vekiwa eka nhlayo ya ti-core ta CPU leti kumekaka (GOMAXPROCS).

Vuxaka i xilotlelo: P yi fanele ku namarhetiwa eka M ku tirhisa khodi ya Go, naswona M yi tlhela yi tirhisa ti goroutines ku suka eka layini ya ndhawu ya P. Ku tekiwa loku ku pfumelela muendli wa xiyimiso ku lawula hi ndlela leyinene ku hangalasiwa ka ntirho eka tikhori ta CPU leti kumekaka.

Makhanikhi ya Xiyimiso: Ndlela leyi Ntirho wu hangalasiweke ha yona

Vutlhari bya muendli wa xiyimiso byi le ka ndlela leyi a lawulaka milayeni na vuxaka bya M-P ha yona. I preemptive scheduler, leswi vulaka leswaku yi nga kavanyeta goroutine yo tsutsuma ku nyika van’wana nkarhi wo hetisisa. Leswi swi sivela goroutine yin’we ku hogging P hi laha ku nga heriki. Maendlelo ya nkoka ya katsa:

Ku Yiva Ntirho: Loko P yi heleriwa hi ti goroutines eka layini ya yona ya laha kaya, a yi tshami yi nga tirhi. Ematshan'wini ya sweswo, yi ringeta ku "yiva" hafu ya ti goroutines eka layini yin'wana yo tsutsuma ya P. Loko sweswo swi tsandzeka, yi kambela layini yo tsutsuma ya misava hinkwayo. Leswi swi tiyisisa leswaku ti-CPU hinkwato ti hlayisiwa ti khomekile ntsena loko ku ri na ntirho lowu faneleke ku endliwa kun’wana na kun’wana eka sisiteme.

Tifoni ta Sisiteme: Loko goroutine yi endla riqingho ra sisiteme yo sivela (e.g., ku hlaya fayili), muendli wa xiyimiso u endla ku nyikiwa ka mavoko. Thread (M) leyi endlaka call yi va yi pfaleriwile, kambe P leyi a yi khomanisiwile na yona a yi tshikiwi yi pfaleriwile. Muendli wa xiyimiso u hambanisa P ivi a kuma M leyi nga tirhiki kutani a tumbuluxa leyintshwa leswaku yi namarheta eka P, leswaku yi ta ya emahlweni yi tirhisa ti-goroutine tin’wana. Loko ku vitaniwa ka sisiteme ku herile, goroutine yi vekiwa endzhaku eka layini yo tsutsuma, naswona M yi ringeta ku kuma P ku ya emahlweni na ku hetisisiwa.

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Algorithm yo yiva ntirho ya Go scheduler i ntirho wa vutshila wa vunjhiniyara, ku hundzula nhlengeleto wa tiphurosesa ha yin’we-yin’we ku va ntlawa wa ntirhisano lowu ringaniselaka hi ndlela leyinene ndzhwalo hinkwawo wa ntirho.

Switandzhaku swa ku Aka Tisisiteme leti Scalable ku fana na Mewayz

Eka OS ya bindzu ra modula ku fana na Mewayz, laha mimojula yo hambana—ku suka eka CRM ku ya eka vulawuri bya nhundzu—ti faneleke ku tirha hi ku tiyimela kambe hi ku hlangana, dizayini ya muendli wa xiyimiso xa Go i vuyelo lebyikulu. Hi ku hlela logic ya matirhiselo eka ti goroutines to tala letintsongo, ta nkarhi wun’we, Mewayz yi nga fikelela vuhumelerisi bya le henhla. Muendli wa xiyimiso u hangalasa mintirho leyi hi ku tisungulela eka ti-core hinkwato ta CPU leti kumekaka, ku tiyisisa leswaku sisiteme yi tshama yi hlamula hambi ku ri ehansi ka ndzhwalo wo tika. Vatumbuluxi lava akaka eka Mewayz va nga kongomisa eka ku tsala khodi leyi nga erivaleni, ya modula handle ka tithread ta micromanaging, va tiyiseka leswaku nkarhi wo famba lowu nga ehansi wu ta khoma ntirho wo tika wa ku hetisisiwa ka parallel hi ndlela leyinene. Leswi swi pfumelela Mewayz ku tisa matirhelo na ku ringaniseriwa loku mabindzu ya manguva lawa ya ma lavaka eka tisisiteme ta wona ta nkoka to tirha.

Swivutiso Leswi Vutisiwaka Nkarhi Na Nkarhi

Xingheniso: Mufambisi la nga vonakiki wa Switirhisiwa swa Wena swa Go

Loko u tsala nongonoko wa Go, u kongomisa eka logic, mintirho, na tichannel. U thayipa `go myFunction()` naswona khodi ya wena yi tirha hi ndlela yo pfumala swiphiqo. Kambe ehansi ka xivumbeko, mufambisi la nga vonakiki u le ku hleleni ka ntlangu, a tiyiseka leswaku swiendlo swa wena swa nkarhi wun’we swi famba kahle ni hi ndlela leyinene. Maestro loyi i xiyimiso xa nkarhi wo famba wa Go. Ku twisisa ndlela leyi yi tirhaka ha yona a hi ku titoloveta ka dyondzo ntsena; i swa nkoka swinene eka ku tsala software ya matirhelo ya le henhla, leyi nga ringanisiwaka. Eka tipulatifomo to fana na Mewayz, leti akiweke ku khoma maendlelo ya bindzu lama rharhanganeke, ya modula hi nkarhi wun’we, ku tirhisa matimba ya muendli wa xiyimiso i swa nkoka ku tisa sisiteme yo tirha leyi hlamulaka na ku tshembheka eka mabindzu.

I Yini Go Scheduler naswona Ha Yini Hi Yi Lava?

Go yi dume hi modele wa yona wo olova na matimba wa concurrency lowu sekeriweke eka ti goroutines. Goroutines i "green threads" yo vevuka leyi lawuriwaka hi Go runtime, hayi sisiteme yo tirha. Ku tumbuluxa magidi ya tona swa chipa hi tlhelo ra memory na overhead. Kambe, ti goroutines leti ekuheteleleni ti lava ku tirha eka ti physical OS threads, leti tikaka swinene naswona tinga ringaniseriwangiki hi nhlayo. Xiyimiso xa Go i leyara yo tlhariha leyi mepaka nhlayo leyi nga ha vaka leyikulu ya ti-goroutine eka xidziva lexitsongo xa tithread ta OS. Ntirho wa yona lowukulu i ku hangalasa ntirho, ku endla leswaku ku tirhisana hi nkarhi wun’we ku tirha kahle naswona ku tirha. Handle ka swona, a hi ta va hi khomiwile hi ku lawula tithreyidi ta OS hi ku kongoma, ntirho lowu rharhanganeke na ku tala ku endla swihoxo lowu nga ta kaneta swo tala swa vuyelo bya nkarhi wun’we bya Go.

Modlolo wa GMP: Vumaki bya Nkoka bya Muendli wa Xiyimiso

Xiyimiso xa Go xi tirha eka modele lowu talaka ku vuriwa GMP, lowu yimelaka Goroutines, OS Threads (Machines), na Processors. Trio leyi yi tirha hi ku tirhisana ku tirhisa khodi ya wena.

Makhanikhi ya Xiyimiso: Ndlela leyi Ntirho wu hangalasiweke ha yona

Vutlhari bya muendli wa xiyimiso byi le ka ndlela leyi a lawulaka milayeni na vuxaka bya M-P ha yona. I preemptive scheduler, leswi vulaka leswaku yi nga kavanyeta goroutine yo tsutsuma ku nyika van’wana nkarhi wo hetisisa. Leswi swi sivela goroutine yin’we ku hogging P hi laha ku nga heriki. Maendlelo ya nkoka ya katsa:

Switandzhaku swa ku Aka Tisisiteme leti Scalable ku fana na Mewayz

Eka OS ya bindzu ra modula ku fana na Mewayz, laha mimojula yo hambana—ku suka eka CRM ku ya eka vulawuri bya nhundzu—ti faneleke ku tirha hi ku tiyimela kambe hi ku hlangana, dizayini ya muendli wa xiyimiso xa Go i vuyelo lebyikulu. Hi ku hlela logic ya matirhiselo eka ti goroutines to tala letintsongo, ta nkarhi wun’we, Mewayz yi nga fikelela vuhumelerisi bya le henhla. Muendli wa xiyimiso u hangalasa mintirho leyi hi ku tisungulela eka ti-core hinkwato ta CPU leti kumekaka, ku tiyisisa leswaku sisiteme yi tshama yi hlamula hambi ku ri ehansi ka ndzhwalo wo tika. Vatumbuluxi lava akaka eka Mewayz va nga kongomisa eka ku tsala khodi leyi nga erivaleni, ya modula handle ka tithread ta micromanaging, va tiyiseka leswaku nkarhi wo famba lowu nga ehansi wu ta khoma ntirho wo tika wa ku hetisisiwa ka parallel hi ndlela leyinene. Leswi swi pfumelela Mewayz ku tisa matirhelo na ku ringaniseriwa loku mabindzu ya manguva lawa ya ma lavaka eka tisisiteme ta wona ta nkoka to tirha.

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