UKhuseleko lweMissile yiNP-Gqibile

INdawo yedabi engabonakaliyo: Kutheni uKhuseleko luBubusuku bokuBambisana

Khawube nomfanekiso-ngqondweni weqela lemijukujelwa enobutshaba ikhwaza ijonge esixekweni. Inkqubo yokuzikhusela inemizuzu nje yokuzilanda, ukubala iitrajectories, ukwahlula ii-warheads kwi-decoys, kunye nokwabela i-interceptors. Le ayisiyiyo imeko yasemkhosini ephezulu; yingxaki yehlabathi yokwenyani enobunzima obumangalisayo. Kulwimi lwesayensi yekhompyuter, ukhuselo lwe-missile lukwabelana ngeempawu ezisisiseko kunye neminye imingeni enzima yokubala eyaziwayo: i-NP-igqityiwe. Oku akuthethi ukuba akunakwenzeka, kodwa kuthetha ukuba njengoko inani leenguqu linyuka, ixesha elifunekayo lokufumana isisombululo esigqibeleleyo liqhuma ngokukhawuleza. Ngokwenyani, ingxaki ikhawuleza ibenzima kakhulu ukuba nayiphi na ikhompuyutha ingasonjululwa ngokugqibeleleyo phantsi koxinzelelo lwewotshi ekhatshwayo.

I-Decoding NP-Completeness: I-Puzzle Ekhula Kakhulu, Ngokukhawuleza

Ukuqonda ukuba kutheni ukukhusela i-missile kunzima kangaka, kufuneka sibambe i-NP-ukuphelela. Cinga ngephazili elula, njengokufumana indlela phakathi kwamanqaku amabini. Kulula oko (okanye "P" ngexesha lepolynomial). Ngoku, khawufane ucinge "Ingxaki yabaThengisi abahambayo": ukufumana eyona ndlela imfutshane enokuthi ityelele uluhlu lwezixeko kwaye ibuyele ekhaya. Ngezixeko ezili-10 kuphela, kukho iindlela ezingaphezu kwama-300,000 ezinokwenzeka. Ngezixeko ezingama-20, inani lamathuba linyuka ukuya kutsho kwi-2.4 quintillion. Le yingxaki yeNP-ukuqinisekisa isisombululo kulula, kodwa ukufumana eyona ilungileyo ukusuka ekuqaleni kuba nzima ngokweenkwenkwezi njengoko ingxaki isikali. Iingxaki zeNP-ezipheleleyo zezona zinzima kolu didi; ukuba unokusombulula enye ngokufanelekileyo, ungazisombulula zonke.

"Umngeni wokukhusela i-missile awukona nje ngesantya; ngokubhekiselele ekulawuleni ubunzima obunzima kwifestile yesigqibo esifutshane. Ungumzekelo ogqibeleleyo, kwaye uyoyikeka, we-NP-ingxaki epheleleyo edlala ngexesha langempela." - UGqr Aris Thorne, i-Computational Strategist

Iziguquguquko zokwenyani zeHlabathi ezidala isiphithiphithi

Ekukhuseleni imijukujelwa, "izixeko" kwindlela yomthengisi zithathelwa indawo ngotshintsho oluguquguqukayo, olunobutshaba. Umphathi okhuselayo akalandeli nje umjukujelwa omnye; balandela umkhondo onokuba mkhulu, nganye ineempawu zayo. Ubunzima buvela kukuxhomekeka phakathi kwezinto ezininzi. Utshintsho olulodwa kwinguqu enye inokunyanzela ukubalwa kwakhona okupheleleyo kwesicwangciso esipheleleyo sokukhusela. Iinguqu eziphambili ziquka:

• Uchongo ekujoliswe kulo: Ngaba into engenayo yimfazwe yokwenyani okanye inkohliso entsonkothileyo?
• Ulwabiwo lwe-Interceptor: Yeyiphi ibhetri ye-interceptor ebekwe kakuhle? Ngaba kufuneka siqalise i-interceptor enye okanye ezimbini kumathuba aphezulu okubulala?
• I-Trajectory Prediction: Kubalwa ubume bexesha elizayo bethagethi yokulawula phakathi kwe-atmospheri kunye nokunye ukungaqiniseki.
• Ulawulo lweZibonelelo: Ngaba sinazo ii-interceptors ezaneleyo kulo lonke i-swarm? Zeziphi iithagethi ezizezona ziphambili?

Isigqibo ngasinye kwezi zintsonkothile ngokwaso, kodwa zidibene ngokunzulu, zidala indawo yengxaki ekhula ngokukhawuleza ngayo yonke imijukujelwa kunye nenkohliso.

Ukusuka kwiNdawo yedabi ukuya kwigumbi leBhodi: Ukunyibilika kobunzima ngeeNkqubo zeModyuli

Ngelixa iziphumo zincinci kakhulu, amashishini anamhlanje ajongana nenguqulelo yawo ye-NP-epheleleyo imingeni. Ukuphehlelelwa kwemveliso entsha, umzekelo, kubandakanya ukulungelelaniswa kwamaphulo okuthengisa, ukuhanjiswa kwekhonkco lokubonelela, uqeqesho lweqela lokuthengisa, kunye nohlaziyo lwenkqubo ye-IT. Ukulibaziseka kwindawo enye, njengokunqongophala kwecandelo ("i-decoy" kwikhonkco lokubonelela), kunokunyanzela ukubalwa kwakhona okupheleleyo kwesicwangciso esipheleleyo sokuqaliswa, okubangela ixesha elibekiweyo kunye nokugqithiswa kwebhajethi. Inani elikhulu lamalungu ashukumayo lenza ukufumana eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuqalisa ibenzima kakhulu.

Apha kulapho umgaqo wokulawula ubunzima ngokusebenzisa uyilo lwe-smart system uba yinto ebalulekileyo, kwaye apho iqonga elifana neMewayz libonelela ngenzuzo yeqhinga. Kanye njengokuba iinkqubo zokhuselo lomjukujelwa zixhomekeke kwimodyuli yesoftware ukwaphula ingxaki ibe ziziqwengana ezilawulekayo, iMewayz isebenza njengemodyuli yeshishini le-OS. Endaweni yokuzama ukusombulula yonke iphazili yeshishini nge-monolithic enye, inkqubo engaguqukiyo, iMewayz ikuvumela ukuba udibanise iimodyuli ezikhethekileyo zeCRM, ulawulo lweprojekthi, iHR, kunye nezezimali. Le ndlela yemodyuli ivumela amaqela ukuba asebenze kwindawo yawo ethile yepuzzle ngokufanelekileyo, ngelixa i-OS iqinisekisa ukuba zonke iziqwenga zidibanisa kwaye idatha ihamba ngaphandle komthungo. Xa utshintsho oluguquguqukayo-umqeshwa oyintloko ehamba, okanye umthengisi ehluleka-impembelelo iqulethwe kwaye inkqubo iyakwazi ukulungelelanisa ngaphandle kokufuna ukulungiswa okupheleleyo, okuchitha ixesha.

Isiphelo: Ukwamkela izisombululo eziguquguqukayo

Isifundo sokukhusela i-missile sicacile: xa ujongene ne-NP-epheleleyo amanqanaba obunzima, ukugqibelela kulutshaba olulungileyo. Injongo iyatshintsha ekufumaneni isisombululo esingenasiphako ukufumana isisombululo "esilungileyo ngokwaneleyo" ngokukhawuleza, kunye nokuba bukhali ngokwaneleyo ukulungelelanisa njengoko imeko iguquka. Kwishishini, oku kuthetha ukuyeka ukufuna inkqubo enye, engqongqo ezama ukwenza yonke into. Endaweni yoko, impumelelo ilele ekwamkeleni ubhetyebhetye, amaqonga eemodyuli afana neMewayz akhelwe ukuguquguquka. Ngokwahlulahlula imisebenzi entsonkothileyo kwiimodyuli ezidityanisiweyo, amashishini angakwazi ukuzulazula kwiindawo zawo ezinxungupheleyo, enze izigqibo ezikrelekrele kwangexesha naxa izinto eziguquguqukayo zihlala ziguquguquka.

Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo

INdawo yedabi engabonakaliyo: Kutheni uKhuseleko luBubusuku bokuBambisana

Khawube nomfanekiso-ngqondweni weqela lemijukujelwa enobutshaba ikhwaza ijonge esixekweni. Inkqubo yokuzikhusela inemizuzu nje yokuzilanda, ukubala iitrajectories, ukwahlula ii-warheads kwi-decoys, kunye nokwabela i-interceptors. Le ayisiyiyo imeko yasemkhosini ephezulu; yingxaki yehlabathi yokwenyani enobunzima obumangalisayo. Kulwimi lwesayensi yekhompyuter, ukhuselo lwe-missile lukwabelana ngeempawu ezisisiseko kunye neminye imingeni enzima yokubala eyaziwayo: i-NP-igqityiwe. Oku akuthethi ukuba akunakwenzeka, kodwa kuthetha ukuba njengoko inani leenguqu linyuka, ixesha elifunekayo lokufumana isisombululo esigqibeleleyo liqhuma ngokukhawuleza. Ngokwenyani, ingxaki ikhawuleza ibenzima kakhulu ukuba nayiphi na ikhompuyutha ingasonjululwa ngokugqibeleleyo phantsi koxinzelelo lwewotshi ekhatshwayo.

I-Decoding NP-Completeness: I-Puzzle Ekhula Kakhulu, Ngokukhawuleza

Ukuqonda ukuba kutheni ukukhusela i-missile kunzima kangaka, kufuneka sibambe i-NP-ukuphelela. Cinga ngephazili elula, njengokufumana indlela phakathi kwamanqaku amabini. Kulula oko (okanye "P" ngexesha lepolynomial). Ngoku, khawufane ucinge "Ingxaki yabaThengisi abahambayo": ukufumana eyona ndlela imfutshane enokuthi ityelele uluhlu lwezixeko kwaye ibuyele ekhaya. Ngezixeko ezili-10 kuphela, kukho iindlela ezingaphezu kwama-300,000 ezinokwenzeka. Ngezixeko ezingama-20, inani lamathuba linyuka ukuya kutsho kwi-2.4 quintillion. Le yingxaki yeNP-ukuqinisekisa isisombululo kulula, kodwa ukufumana eyona ilungileyo ukusuka ekuqaleni kuba nzima ngokweenkwenkwezi njengoko ingxaki isikali. Iingxaki zeNP-ezipheleleyo zezona zinzima kolu didi; ukuba unokusombulula enye ngokufanelekileyo, ungazisombulula zonke.

Iziguquguquko zokwenyani zeHlabathi ezidala isiphithiphithi

Ekukhuseleni imijukujelwa, "izixeko" kwindlela yomthengisi zithathelwa indawo ngotshintsho oluguquguqukayo, olunobutshaba. Umphathi okhuselayo akalandeli nje umjukujelwa omnye; balandela umkhondo onokuba mkhulu, nganye ineempawu zayo. Ubunzima buvela kukuxhomekeka phakathi kwezinto ezininzi. Utshintsho olulodwa kwinguqu enye inokunyanzela ukubalwa kwakhona okupheleleyo kwesicwangciso esipheleleyo sokukhusela. Iinguqu eziphambili ziquka:

Ukusuka kwiNdawo yedabi ukuya kwiGumbi leBhodi: Ukunyibilikisa ukuntsonkotha ngeeNkqubo zeModyuli

Ngelixa iziphumo zincinci kakhulu, amashishini anamhlanje ajongana nenguqulelo yawo ye-NP-epheleleyo imingeni. Ukuphehlelelwa kwemveliso entsha, umzekelo, kubandakanya ukulungelelaniswa kwamaphulo okuthengisa, ukuhanjiswa kwekhonkco lokubonelela, uqeqesho lweqela lokuthengisa, kunye nohlaziyo lwenkqubo ye-IT. Ukulibaziseka kwindawo enye, njengokunqongophala kwecandelo ("i-decoy" kwikhonkco lokubonelela), kunokunyanzela ukubalwa kwakhona okupheleleyo kwesicwangciso esipheleleyo sokuqaliswa, okubangela ixesha elibekiweyo kunye nokugqithiswa kwebhajethi. Inani elikhulu lamalungu ashukumayo lenza ukufumana eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuqalisa ibenzima kakhulu.

Isiphelo: Ukwamkela izisombululo eziguquguqukayo

Isifundo sokukhusela i-missile sicacile: xa ujongene ne-NP-epheleleyo amanqanaba obunzima, ukugqibelela kulutshaba olulungileyo. Injongo iyatshintsha ekufumaneni isisombululo esingenasiphako ukufumana isisombululo "esilungileyo ngokwaneleyo" ngokukhawuleza, kunye nokuba bukhali ngokwaneleyo ukulungelelanisa njengoko imeko iguquka. Kwishishini, oku kuthetha ukuyeka ukufuna inkqubo enye, engqongqo ezama ukwenza yonke into. Endaweni yoko, impumelelo ilele ekwamkeleni ubhetyebhetye, amaqonga eemodyuli afana neMewayz akhelwe ukuguquguquka. Ngokwahlulahlula imisebenzi entsonkothileyo kwiimodyuli ezidityanisiweyo, amashishini angakwazi ukuzulazula kwiindawo zawo ezinxungupheleyo, enze izigqibo ezikrelekrele kwangexesha naxa izinto eziguquguqukayo zihlala ziguquguquka.